Mudd rules part 1
Salam alaikum wa rahmatu Allahi wa BarakatuHu.
Peace be upon the followers of guidance.
Chapter Mudd (extension) and Qasr (shortening).
Mudd المد: linguistically means increasing. In terminology it
refers to extending the sound of a letter of mudd (alif ا, ya ي, wow و).
Qasr القصر: linguistically means confining. In terminology it
refers to a mudd letter that is there but not pronounced with any extension.
The mudd letters are found in the word:
نُوحِيهَا
و (wau) which is preceded by a letter with a ُ (dhumma) like نُ
ي (ya) which is preceded by a letter with a ِ (qasra) like حِ
ا (alif) which is preceded by a letter with a َ (fatha) like هَ
There is also mudd leen, when the two leen letters, و (wow) sakinah and ي (ya) sakinah, are preceded by a letter that has a fat'ha, like: خَوْفٌ ، بَيْتٍ.
Divisions of Mudd
Mudd is divided into two divisions: أصلي : Root Mudd
and فرعي : Branch Mudd
أصلي : Root Mudd
The essence of the letter is not there except with it,
and is not a result of a mudd that is caused by a
hamza (ء) or sakinah. It is called أصلي : Root Mudd
because it is a root of a branch. This is also
called mudd tabee'ee مدا طبيعيا .
The extension is for 2 beats.
There are two division of أصلي : Root Mudd , word كلمي، and letter حرفي :
root mudd in a word مدا أصلي الكلمي: like in
مَالِكِ (3)
كَثِيرَةً (4)
مَرْفُوعَةٍ (5)
It is called root mudd in a word مدا أصلي الكلمي because the mudd is within a word.
Root mudd in a letter مدا أصلي الحرفي which is found in some of the
letters that begin some surahs in the Quran. These letters that are
pronounced for two counts are found in the word:
حي طهر
حم found in seven surahs
كهيعص surah Maryam
يس surah Yaa Seen
طه surah Taa haa
طسم surah shuaraa and qasas
طس surah naml
الر surah yunus, hud, yusuf, Ibrahim, and Hijr
المر surah raad
These five letters are only pronounced two counts, as
there is no letter after the sakoon (when the name of the
letter is spelled out).
Here are some more examples of أصلي : Root Mudd:
{وَطُورِ سِينِينَ}
{إِنَّ قَـٰرُونَ ڪَانَ مِن قَوۡمِ مُوسَى}
{وَٱلضُّحَىٰ}
{يسٓ۬}
{طه}
{حمٓ}
الفرعي : Branch Mudd
The mudd (extension) is a result that is caused by a
hamza (ء) or sakinah. There are five divsions of المد الفرعي
branch mudd:
1.المتصل: Obligatory connected lengthening
The mudd (extension) is found when there is a hamza (ء)
after a mudd letter (alif ا, ya ي, wow و). This is within one
word, not between words. like:
السَّمَاءِ (7)
النَّسِيءُ (8)
قُرُوءٍ (9)
It is called المتصل: (connected) because the hamza (ء) is connected to the mudd
letter in one word. In the recitation of Hafs it is lengthened four or five counts.
When the hamza is found in the middle of a word like
الأرَائِكِ (11)
it would always be pronounced four or five counts.
The ruling of this mudd (extension) is that it is obligatory. It is
extended in all recitations, and it is an extension of the root mudd.
This is according to what our shaikh ibn Jazary (May Allah have mercy
upon him) says.
2. المنفصل: Allowed disjoint lengthening
The mudd (extension) is found when there is a hamza (ء)
after a mudd letter (alif ا, ya ي, wow و). This is between
two words. That is the mudd letter is the last letter of the
first word, and hamza (ء) is the first letter of the word coming
after it. like:
بِمَا أُنْزِلَ (12)
قَالُوا آمَنَّا (13)
ارْجِعِي إِلَى رَبِّكِ (14)
It is called المنفصل: (disjoint) because the hamza (ء) is disjoint to the
mudd letter. In the recitation of Hafs on the path of Shatibiya it is
lengthened four or five counts. The ruling of this mudd (extension) is
that it is allowed. It is given this ruling of allowed because it extended
in some recitations, and not extended in some. It is
not extended in all of the recitations. In the recitation of Hafs
on the path of Shatibiya it is lengthened four or five counts.
The reason for the extension in المتصل: (connected) and المنفصل: (disjoint)
is because the mudd letter is weak, and the hamza (ء) is strong. The weak
mudd letter becomes strengthened as one pronounces the hamza (ء) afterwards.
Here are some more examples of المتصل: (connected) and المنفصل: (disjoint):
{وَأَنزَلَ مِنَ ٱلسَّمَآءِ مَآءً۬}
{ وَمَآ أَدۡرَٮٰكَ مَا ٱلۡقَارِعَةُ }
{إِنَّآ أَرۡسَلۡنَا نُوحًا إِلَىٰ قَوۡمِهِۦۤ أَنۡ أَنذِرۡ}
{كَلَّآ إِنَّ ٱلۡإِنسَـٰنَ لَيَطۡغَىٰٓ}
{إِذَا جَآءَ نَصۡرُ ٱللَّهِ وَٱلۡفَتۡحُ}
{ٱلَّذِىٓ أَنقَضَ ظَهۡرَكَ}
{قُلۡ يَـٰٓأَيُّہَا ٱلۡڪَـٰفِرُونَ}
3. البدل: Exchanged lengthening
The mudd (extension) is found when a mudd letter (alif ا, ya ي, wow و)
comes after a hamza (ء) . like:
آمَنُوا (15)
إِيمَانًا (16)
أُوتِيَ (17
It is called البدل: Exchanged because a hamza (ء) (that was there originally)
got exchanged to a mudd letter. In the example above, the words were
originally:
أأمنوا
إئمان
أؤتي
The second hamza got changed to a mudd letter. The ruling for
البدل: Exchanged is that it is pronounced two counts, and it is Allowed.
The reason that it is given the ruling of "allowed" because in some
other recitations it is extended longer. In the recitation of Hafs it
is just pronounced two counts and not extended.
Here are some more examples of mudd البدل: Exchanged:
{وَلَلۡأَخِرَةُ خَيۡرٌ۬ لَّكَ مِنَ ٱلۡأُولَىٰ}
{أَن رَّءَاهُ ٱسۡتَغۡنَىٰٓ}
{قُلۡ أُوحِىَ إِلَىَّ أَنَّهُ ٱسۡتَمَعَ نَفَرٌ۬ مِّنَ ٱلۡجِنِّ فَقَالُوٓاْ إِنَّا سَمِعۡنَا قُرۡءَانًا عَجَبً۬ا}
{ إِلَّا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ ٱلصَّـٰلِحَـٰتِ وَتَوَاصَوۡاْ بِٱلۡحَقِّ وَتَوَاصَوۡاْ بِٱلصَّبۡرِ }
__________
(1) سورة البقرة: الآية (38).
(2) سورة آل عمران: الآية (96).
(3) سورة الفاتحة: الآية (4).
(4) سورة البقرة: الآية (245).
(5) سورة الواقعة: الآية (34).
(6) أول السور (غافر، فصلت، الشورى، الزخرف، الدخان، الجاثية، الأحقاف).
(7) سورة البقرة: الآية (19).
(8) سورة التوبة: الآية (37).
(9) سورة البقرة: الآية (228).
(10) سورة القصص: الآية (25).
(11) سورة الكهف: الآية (31).
(12) سورة البقرة: الآية (4).
(13) سورة البقرة: الآية (14).
(14) سورة الفجر: الآية (28).
(15) سورة البقرة: الآية (9).
(16) سورة آل عمران: الآية (173).
(17) سورة البقرة: الآية (136).